Saturday, November 30, 2019

Native American Literature Essay Example

Native American Literature Essay These stories were usually presented by speakers who were focused on their performance. They used different voices, hand gestures, movements and were very animated. 2. Why is it important to know the origins of their literature? The origin of the literature helps you understand the stories by knowing the culture in which hey are taking place. It reflects a culture as it existed before the arrival of the Europeans. 3. What might be lost in the translation of their stories? Over time as the stories were retold over and over some of the stories may have been changed. Perhaps they may have changed with time and to adapt to new circumstances. 4. What group of people finally wrote down the stories? Why is this significant? The Native American stories and folklore did not come into print until the 19th century, over 300 years after the arrival of the Europeans. It is important that they wrote these stories down the Indians had a very limited written language and if the Europeans had not recorded them they would have been lost in time. 5. Briefly summarize A Tale of the Sky World. You should focus on plot. In the beginning the world was not as we know it today, up in the sky there was another world called The Sky World where human type beings lived. In this Sky World there was a great tree which bore corn that fed the village. Well it so happened, that the chiefs daughter was very sick but there seems to be no cure in sight. We will write a custom essay sample on Native American Literature specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Native American Literature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Native American Literature specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One night, a friend of the Chief had a dream that if the girl was placed by the tree and the tree dug up, her sickness would be cured. The girl was placed by the tree, and the tree was dug up. Along came a man who was upset that the tree that fed the village was being dug up and push the girl into the hole where the tree once was. The hole opened up into a world that was completely covered with water. The girls saw this world as she was falling. As she fell the birds of the sky decided to save her and carried her on their bodies. When they grew tired of carrying her, the turtle stepped in and aired her on his back. They quickly decided they could not continue to carry her and that the earth would become her home. They then began to prepare the earth so she could live on it. Soil from the bottom of the sea was brought up and place on the turtles back and it quickly increase where the land could hold all the earths future creatures. The girl recovered from the illness and was living comfortable on the earth, when she brought forth and baby daughter. The girl grew into adulthood and often accompanied her mother in digging wild potatoes. The daughter soon became with child. The mother claimed it was because she was facing the wrong direction while digging potatoes and the West Wind had entered her causing the pregnancy. The girl soon birthed twin boys, one a reddish color and the other a much lighter color. The grandmother did not like the darker child and cast him out into a hollowed tree. As the lighter skinned boy grew, he became a hunter and soon discovered his brother and told his grandmother of the boy. The grandmother then brought the boy home. The boys were very different from each other in personality. One brother was good a created a world that would help its people survive easily, but the other brother was not so kind and created a world that would hinder its future people and make their lives difficult. The inspection of each others creations caused a huge fight be;en the brothers which resulted in the death of the darker skinned brother. 6. What is being created and how is it being created? A livable earth was being created for the girl and its future inhabitants. This was done by bringing up dirt from the sea bottom and placing it on the turtles ace where it expanded and created enough livable for all the earths future creatures. . What type of tale is this? A creation myth 8. The daughter conceives the twins by facing the West 9. What does the violent ending of the tale suggest about the presence of good and evil on earth? Good always battles evil but, in the end, most of the time good prevails. 10. Briefly summarize The Chiefs Daughters. Two girls were laying under the star s making wishes. One girl wishes to be up in the sky with the dim star and the other wishes to be up in the sky with the bright star. When they awake the next morning, their wishes have come true. The one who wished to be with the dim star was the wife of a brave chief and the girl who wanted to be with the bright star was now a servant. The girls remained friend but, now the girl who wished to be with the bright star was to serve the other girl when they Went to dig turnips. They Were told to never strike the ground twice while digging turnips, but the wife of the brave chief was curious what would happen if they struck twice. The next time they went to dig turnips she convinced her servant girl to strike at the ground twice. Striking twice revealed a hole in which she could see her previous home, the earth. This caused the girls to cry, they both wanted to go home. The chief decided to grant their wish and send them back home to earth. He gathers many lariats and knotted them together and wound them around the girls bodies and dropped them through the clouds to their home. When the people of the village saw the girls they were overjoyed. 11. Discuss the possible moral of this tale. Be careful of what you wish for, as it may not be as good as it seems from afar. 12. What happened when the girl struck twice while digging up turnips? A hole opened up in the ground and she could see her previous home on earth 13. What was used to return the chiefs daughters home? Lariats were knotted together and would around the girls bodies and they were gently dropped through the sky to the earth. 14. This tale is a common type of tale called The Star Husband. want you to find a different version of this tale by searching the internet. Provide the title of your tale, the website where you found it, and compare and contrast it to The Chiefs Daughters. Website found: http://BMW. Profiteroles. S/UP-Html- sends/Amicableness-Mammal. HTML Title: Miasma Women Who Married Star Husbands. A Mica Legend Discussion and Research: How do the American Indian tales you read compare to similar tales from the culture in which you were raised? (For example: Remember that this is considered a creation myth. What story were you told about creation? ) Include the following in your answer: The titles Of the tales you read and briefly summarize each . The American Indian Tales and the tales I was told as a child are similar in that they both have been passed down from generation to generation. Most of the time they each use animals to tell the story. Both types of tales are written in a way that only children themselves could believe them. A creation myth that was told as a child is the myth about where babies come from. The myth is that babies are brought by a Stork. This myth was derived from the tale by Hans Christian Anderson titled The Storks, written in 1838. It is the story of how a mother stork, the father and their babies are made fun of by a group of boys. The teasing upset the baby storks and they wanted to get revenge on the boys. Mother stork would not agree o it until they learned to fly and then on their departure day they may get their revenge. When that day arrived the young storks agreed that the boys who did not sing and tease would get a new baby sibling from the pond where all children lie waiting for the stork to come a deliver them to their parents. The boys who had been first to sing and tease, they would bring him a baby who had dreamed itself to death, and the little boy who refused to sing and said it was not nice to make fun of animals would also get a baby brother or sister because he was a good boy.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Tea Tree Oil Production Essay Example

Tea Tree Oil Production Essay Example Tea Tree Oil Production Essay Example Tea Tree Oil Production Essay Example The Genealogy of a Consumer Good: Tea Tree Oil Tea tree oil is an essential oil which is taken from Melaleuca Alternifolia leaves, the tree that is usually grown in Southwest Queensland in Australia. It can also be found in New South Wales. The oil has a fresh odor of almost colorless substance. The product is considered to be a natural antiseptic that is widely used in cosmetics and medicine. It can also be effective for treating various dermatologic problems, such as acne, herpes, foot fungus, dandruff and other skin infections. In particular, the indigenous population used tea tree leaves due to their healing effect. It was further approved in medicine and biology, leading to the rise of the tea tree industry. With regard to the above-presented facts, the emergence of the tea tree oil industry has been associated with the environmental factors and consumer demand. Major Problems Led to the Tea Tree Oil Production As it has been briefly mentioned, tea tree oil was used for healing wounds and skin problems. Its active use refers to the period of the World War II, the time when the product was used for healing wounds (Australian Tea Tree Oil, 2009). As a result, it could be stressed that the major problems leading to the active use of tea tree oil were associated with health problems and social unrest. Due to its effective medical properties, the tea tree essential oil was first of all used as a medicine that could heal wounds, having an antibacterial effect. Health problems, therefore, were decisive in spreading and encouraging the production of the oil. Factors That Have Led to the Emergence of These Problems The history of the product counts more than seventy years. In the 1920s and 1930s the indigenous Bundjalung people residing in Eastern Australia were assume to have applied tea trees in traditional medicine (Australian Tea Tree Oil, 2009). They crushed leaves of the tree and treated wounds, sore throats and insect bites. The area in which the plant is grown is called Bungawalbyn, which is also translated as the ‘healing ground’. When Captain James Cook arrived to this area, he called the plant a tea tree because the local population made tee from the leaves for healing purposes. Further, the plant became the object of the medical and biological reports. Specifically, Arthur Penfold and Morrison introduced first reports on the qualities and antiseptic properties of a tee tree (Australian Tea Tree Oil, 2009). While evaluating the antimicrobial qualities of the product, the scholars rated them 11-13 times more active as compared to phenol; it turned out to be safer, as well . When such reports were approved, the tea tree industry has been launched and is still successful nowadays. Till the 1940s tea tree oil was used as an antiseptic to solve problems with skin infections. However, the discovery of penicillin in 1940s decreased the demand for tea tree oil production (American Cancer Society, 2008). Several decades later, the scientists discovered that the Australian oil was still the only antiseptic that would kill certain bacteria, which were resistant to penicillin and other antibiotics. Therefore, the production of the oil was renewed, alongside with new spheres in which such product applied. In general, most health and environmental problems have become the decisive in the production of tea tree oil. Product Consumption, Fetishism of Commodities and False Consciousness Tea tree oil production is an environmentally beneficial industry because it excludes the use of chemicals. Instead, only natural substances are introduced into production. From a consumerist perspective, the product is environmentally friendly, ensuring a significant competitive advantage over the production of other antiseptic products. Since its launch to the market, the product underwent several stages of product implementation and integration. Due to the emergence of the so-called ‘cure-all’ products, consumers were obsessed with buying such commodities because they believed in the advertising of their values. However, subjective descriptions of commodities create false assumptions about the product. In case of tea tree oil, some of the retailers still use false descriptions to make people believe that their products are more effective (Robbins, 2013). The market trends in product launch are oriented at capturing the new market segment and attract new customers by introducing new qualities. However, such qualities should be presented not in the form of falsely assumed values, but in the form of serious research conducted to prove that tea tree oil is effective as antiseptic (Australian Tea Tree Oil, 2009). In contrast, when a false assumption is created about the product values, it makes no connection with the physical description of the product nature. By means of establishing the relationship between the buyers and customers through exchanging goods and money, the commodity fetishism is created. Similar to it, the Body Shop is also working on the creation of the consumer-oriented philosophy, according to which the cosmetic they offer is highly valued because it is made of natural ingredients. Although the company focuses on the top quality of the product, the relation between retailer and the consumer is still important and the latter perceive the products as commodities, being an inherent part of social interaction. Due to the development and spread of the commodity fetishism paradigm, the false consciousness is created among the consumers regarding a specific commodity. From sociological perspective, a false consciousness is a subjective attitude that is imposed on an individual and which is often presented as a personal opinion of an individual, although it is not reflected accurately and objectively. Hence, sometimes, a consumer can express a specific thought regarding a product due to the generally accepted opinion among the consumers who reject the objective position. Sometimes, people buy products as a result of strong ideology developed by the company. In particular, the ideological conceptions are often misinterpreted by consumers. In fact, such ideological statements create false consciousness, which leads to the creation of dominant ideology. It is currently a growing trend for all the companies to introduce their environmental strategies to influence customer decisions whether to buy product or not (Robbins, 2013). The idea of false consciousness, therefore, makes people committed to a specific product, although there is always a possibility that such idea is only a well-arranged combination of words. In order to understand the consumer trend, the attention should be placed on the market established for tea tree oil. The manufactures should offer improved products which could compete with similar goods in the field. At this point, it is essential to adhere to a positive approach regarding marketing of tea tree oil. Its major qualities and virtues should be emphasized and meet the highest standards, which is possible through reducing the percentage of cineole, a substance which enhances the oil properties. To explain the issue, the scholars argue, â€Å"†¦some natural tea tree oils of higher cineole content, but still within the ISO Standards, are more effective against certain pathogens† (Southwell Lowe, 2003, p. 208). It should be assumed, however, that the major market segment for tea tree oil product is introduced in the cosmetic field, assigning the description of general antiseptic, pure oil, which could be used for treating acne and skin infections. Although the market segment develops, expansion is still restricted due to the difficulties in obtaining approval regarding the effectiveness of the product. In case of success, new markets could be open, alongside with the registration of FDA monographs, emergence of goods registers and other procedures, which imply significant costs (Robbins, 2013). Despite such difficulties, the oil could be sold in the pharmaceutical field. As a result, it is essential for the product to gain a competitive advantage over other related products, which have been introduced in the market. While the oils are highly appraised in the cosmetic field, the main requirement in the medical sphere is directly associated with the effectiveness. The above-presented marketing strategies introduce certain methods and trends in shaping ‘consumer consciousnesses’, which are used by the Body Shop, a beauty retails, which operates over 35 years. Many consumers are still committed to the products due to the retailer’s philosophy. Its environmental strategies allow the consumers to notice that human rights and fair trade are among the priorities and, therefore, many consumers are captured by such philosophy (Australian Tea Tree Oil, 2009). The company also assures that they do not test their production on animals, and they are concerned with the environmental problems. Moreover, the company managers may state that their retailer is unique because it is committed to the distribution of one brand only. The Body Shop is aware of the economic difficulties and, due to the presence of loyal customers, the company can hold its positions in the market. Therefore, orientation on consumers is the key and transparent ideolo gy of the retailer (Verburg, 2012). With the emphasis placed on consumer consciousness, the retailer takes an advantage and provides a new strategy that persuades their regular consumers pay more for products that contain natural ingredients and are not harmful to the environment. Although the price policy is not competitive, its product development issues are much more effective in attracting new clients. Brand loyalty is the key to facing a rigorous competition in the field of cosmetics and medicine. In particular, it is highly important for the retailer to defend its genuine positions and roots to increase confidence on the part of the consumers. The Body Shop, therefore, is attached to several important virtues, such as anti-animal testing, fair trade, human rights protection, environmental protection and self-esteem development (Verburg, 2012). Product innovation should correlate with a new beauty movement, which is ethical and natural. In this regards, the clients of the Body Shop buy their products, such as tea tree oil, because they strongly believe in the quality and value accepted and dictated by the company. Consumers are encouraged to travel and discover something new, while learning about the nature and origins of the products. Maps could show where ingredients are grown and how they are processed. All such approaches are taken in accordance with the corporate social respo nsibility guidelines, which are accepted at an international level. The brand development should also become the part of a wider policy. The contributions made to the product innovation are associated with the design and technologies that make the process of tea tree oil manufacturing safer and environmentally friendly. Proposed Solutions and Alternative Recommendations for Solving Consumer Problems Recently, tea tree oil sales rates have substantially increased due to its popularity. In case synthesis products are very effective in the field, the trend may negatively influence tea tree oil, unless it is demonstrates that the oil is as effective as its natural analogue. In order to persuade that the product is highly competitive at the market, serious scientific research is required to demonstrate the genuine value of the oil. In fact, the product has multiple natural advantages, which could be used in the industry (Southwell Lowe, 2003). It is also applicable in many spheres, such as cosmetology, healthcare and pharmaceuticals. At the early stages of its revival, it was regarded as a healing product which could treat almost all diseases. Currently, it is used in more specialized spheres. The problem is that the market is restricted for such products and, to cover the range of its characteristics and properties, the oil must be assigned with accurate descriptions and exact purp oses. The contemporary market is too sophisticated to assume that the ‘cure all’ product could be in high demand among consumers (Southwell Lowe, 2003). Therefore, the product should be introduced specifically with regard to certain qualities. Its production specifics can vary as well, because the product affects the range of pathogens the tea tree oil can treat. It should be stressed that the industry has tried to reduce the potential of the product to limit its production to one type, although at least three types of tea tree oil are introduced. The advantage of operating with genetically diverse natural products creates the opportunities for intra-breeding. In case the market trend for tea tree oil would expand, the variety of products is essential and it can be achieved through the development of products with a specific purpose. According to Southwell and Lowe (2003), â€Å"†¦if tea tree oil is to fulfill its potential and so increase its market, selection and breeding will occur† (p. 207). Therefore, as the researchers argue, the oil chemical type would be developed and integrated to the market in case it turns out the most effective cure against specific human pathogens. Chemical modification, therefore, is among feasible methods, but it is not environmentally friendly. In order to promote the opportunity for inter-specific breeding, it is necessary to limit the industry potential. The information about types of oil, chemical composition, levels of quality and pricing strategies could be much more persuasive for consumers than a mere statement that the products are based on natural ingredients only. The attention to current sphere could be overestimated due to the globally accepted trends in following environmental strategies. In order to avoid the false consciousness and attract more clients, it is highly essential for the company to invest into the research and development department and conduct new scientific tests and researchers that would prove the effectiveness of tea tree oil. The clients should be assured that the product is effective and its qualities are proved by scientific experimentation. Placing customer feedbacks on the websites is a generally accepted and well-known strategy introduced by the company to persuade the clients that the product is effective and it can cope with the skin infections. However, such function can be improved in case the feedbacks could be left online and the clients buying products could exchange their opinions, problems and concerns. Additionally, there should also be the access to the support team, which could immediately propose help in case a client wants to make an inquiry. For instance, there should be a separate tab for communicating with the research and development team. The illustration of transparency and honesty can also be revealed by the certifications displayed on sites. In such way, the company can attract more consumers and alleviate the threat of false advertising. It is highly important for producers to explain the consumers that the poor results received from the product use could be the consequence of incorrect use and failure to follow the instructions, which relate to preservations, terms of use and many other conditions affecting the effectiveness of tea tree oil. In order to alleviate the competition, which is often predetermined by the widely used competitive strategies, it is essential to explore new methods of distributing and expanding the product. Due to the fact that the Australian tea tree oil could be sold more effectively in Australia, other areas could also enjoy buying the product. In order to enter the new market, the scientists should explore new location and estimate new production capacities to make the product more cost-effective. In other words, the emphasis should be placed on internal marketing conditions and organizational processes, which can minimize the costs spent on manufacturing tea tree oil. Apart from this issue, the idea of ecologically friendly packaging can also attract more clients. Although such new ideology does not contribute to the effectiveness of the product itself, it can encourage buying the product because it has less detrimental impact on the environment. Such phenomenon can be referred to as false co nsciousness and commodity fetishism because it enhances the relationship between the consumer and the manufacturer. More importantly, the current program proposed by the Body Shop, particularly its marketing strategies, ensures that their customer-oriented values decrease the focus on the effectiveness of their products. Currently, there are many other retailers that can offer natural cosmetics as well, because such product does not require substantial process before it is introduced to the market. However, the philosophy surrounding the product seems to be more valuable than the product itself, thus distorting the clients’ perceptions of the product and making them buy the product due to the brand loyalty. In conclusion, the tea tree oil proposed by the Body Shop originates from the Southwest Australia and was originally known as the ‘healing’ tree, which was helpful in treating wounds and skin infections. Such qualities were noticed by the researchers and scientists who explored the plant. In their reports, tea tree oil was found to be effective for treating different human pathogens due to its anti-bacterial quality. During the Second World War, the product was also used as antiseptic and its popularity grew due to the health conditions of the period. Further, the product has become the object of commerce and many pharmaceutical and cosmetics companies have started promoting the tea tree oil due to its multiple functions. The product is currently on the market and enjoys high customer demand. However, due to high competition, the manufacturers should resort to effective advertising strategies to sustain a competitive advantage. In the majority of cases, the content of advertizing and promotion is not confined to the analysis of the product useful qualities and characteristics; on the contrary, the producers pay attention to the environmental sustainability of the product. Environmentally friendly customers will definitely buy products that are delivered by companies that are sensitive to ecological problems. Nonetheless, The Body Shop emphasizes both strategies. In particular, it appeals to consumers’ consciousness and explains the utmost qualities of the product by delivering the results of the research, proving that tea tree oil is helpful in struggling with skin problems and infections. In the future, the company should continue investing into the research and development of the initiative t o attract more clients and make them realize the genuine value of using tea tree oil. They should also provide more information about different types of tea tree oil due to the diverse techniques and technologies used in the production process.

Friday, November 22, 2019

Assessment of Glenda Medical Condition

Chronic kidney disease abbreviated as CKD is also referred to as the chronic renal failure and it is responsible for most cases of mortality and morbidity in the elderly in Australia (Wen et al., 2014). Moreover, CKD is associated with reducing the significant role of the kidney through causing damages and blockage (Vassalotti et al., 2016). Research shows that the period it takes for CKD to cause complete renal failure depends on the stages of CKD and the nursing interventions in place (Tonelli and Wanner, 2014). Notably, it should be made clear that chronic kidney disease has no cure, but early identification and application of nursing intervention as per Levett-Jones clinical reasoning cycle will help slow the progress and improve the patient's symptoms. As of the year 2005, the NHS reported that chronic kidney disease is at an alarming rate as most of the hospitals in the region reported to have increased renal replacement surgery (Gatchel et al., 2014). Also, according to Hung e t al., 2014 are of the opinion that chronic kidney disease increases the chances of cardiovascular complications. Again, a report by the WHO indicated that there would be high chances of chronic kidney disease in Australia for the next ten years and the likelihood of the cases leveling off are dismal due to the lifestyle of locals (mostly the native Australians) who are reluctant to seek medication from public hospitals (Collins et al., 2015). The underlying factor towards the behavior by most natives is cultural-based. The residents feel left behind regarding development and that the foreigners are interfering with their way of life (Tong et al., 2015). With that in mind, the case focuses on describing the care, management, and assessment interventions for Glenda, a 46-year-old woman who presents with chronic kidney disease. The previous medical history indicates the following symptoms generalized swelling of the face, hands, feet, and ankles. Also, she finds difficulty in walking due to stiffness and pain in her knee and elbow joints. Her current medical condition indicates increased body temperature of 38.8 degrees Celsius and increased blood pressure of 180/100 mmHg which relates to the high number of cigarettes consumed daily. As such, Glenda is taken to the emergency renal ward at Darwin hospital where she undergoes an X-ray, EUC, and ECG. After inserting a vas catheter, Glenda is scheduled for surgery in a week's time to have fistula formation in her left arm.   The condition makes Glenda admitted for almost twelve months a situation that makes her daughter Roseen uncomfortable. Later, the nurses, family, and friends organiz ed a meeting and ensure Glenda is discharged and receives medication from her home in Tiwi Island and undergo her dialysis at Renal Dialysis unit at Wurrumiyang clinic. As such, ideas in this article seek to critique the care, management, and assessment for Glenda at each stage of her chronic kidney disease. Notably, the paper will set a discussion on the evaluation of renal function. Furthermore, the article will offer a succinct summary of the ideas concerning the thesis statement as shown below. When Glenda first attended Wurrumiyanga clinic at her home in Tiwi Island, the doctors had to screen her kidney to identify any symptoms of chronic kidney disease due to the physical symptoms she presented (Diamantidis nd Becker, 2014). Also, Wen et al., 2014) are of the opinion that screening helps in prescribing medical intervention for CKD at stages 1-3 hence appropriate procedural processes in combating the condition. That said, the following test helped the doctor in assessing the renal functioning and impairment for Glenda: urinalysis-the test makes use of urine, and with the inclusion of a urine dipstick the nurses can determine the presence or absence of bacteria and casts on a microscope. Urinary protein excretion-the model analyzes urine after every 24 hours to measure the albumin-creatine ration abbreviated as ACR. An increase in the ACR shows a high risk for cardiovascular complications. Renal imaging-the technique pays attention to the shape of the kidney and checks the presence of cysts (Fang et al., 2014). Notably, the assessment model is of significant role in patients with CKD stages 4 and 5. Also, patients with stages 1-3 ought to undergo an ultrasound in case of reduced eGFR. Finally, renal biopsy a patient with stages 4-5 CKD is advised to undergo the assessment to check the level of proteinuria. Britt et al., 2013 are of the opinion that renal biopsy is of great value as the histological analysis provides nurses with information to know when and how to diagnose the impaired kidney failure. There are five stages of chronic kidney disease that Glenda is diagnosed with: ranging from stage 1-5. The evaluation model follows the in-depth analysis of Glenda's medical history which reveals her physical symptoms: swollen face, feet, and hands, social life showing her smoking and drinking habits, and her family history which records no case of CKD (Angeli et al., 2014). The post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis diagnosis at Royal Darwin Hospital indicates that there was thickening of the membranes due to the accumulation of protein in the glomeruli hence need for checking the blood glucose levels (Tonelli and Wanner, 2014). Moreover, it is important to control the blood pressure to reduce the risk of proteinuria. In addition, Glenda's medical history at the time of admission indicates hypertension as blood pressure beyond 140/90 mmHg is considered hypertensive. eGFR more than 89/ml/min/1.73m2 but is not less than 59ml/min/1.73m2 (albuminuria included) Urea and electrolytes including eGFR. Scheduled clinical and laboratory assessment. Also, the nurses in charge offer advice on lifestyle practices. When the eGFR is less than 59ml/min/1.73m2 The inclusion of dipstick in the sample of urine collected to test for urinalysis for proteinuria. Regular checking of blood glucose levels. Analysis of full blood count to check the level of Parathyroid hormone (Levey et al., 2015). Also, the nurse reviews medical history and administers new medication which acts as an anti-inflammatory medication. The collected urine is assessed to check for urinary symptoms, heart failure, and hypovolaemia (Levey et al., 2015). For efficient management of the different stages of CKD, it is of significant value to first identify the symptoms associated with chronic kidney disease. What is more is that the clinical signs for CKD remain unrecognized until there is acute renal failure (Stevens and Levin, 2013). That is to say that a patient can be asymptomatic at an advanced stage of the condition. Therefore, early identification sets a platform for integration of early interventions which aim towards assessment and management of the state. As such, the symptoms of CKD include but are not limited to loss of appetite, nausea, minor ankle edema, change in urine pattern, and fatigue (Jha et al., 2013). Also, it is wise for Glenda to have a balanced diet characterized with enough proteins. Regulate the blood pressure to less than 135/80mmHg. Besides, inhibitors can be induced to slow the effects of renal deformity. Notably, when the eGFR reduces to less than 25% of the baseline value, it is important to cease the ACR inhibitor and refer Glenda to a Nephrologist (Mills et al., 2015) Schedule a workout program starting with walking the progressively to jogging and running: aim at improving the aerobic rate. Monitor the drinking patterns of Glenda. First, start with reducing then progressively rehabilitate her by stopping the supply and access to alcohol. Flu vaccination and pneumococcal vaccination During admission, Glenda needs to hydrate t avoid dehydration. Also, the nurses in charge can describe an antiviral medication. After being discharged Glenda can as well as use prescribed cough suppressant. Reduce the consumption of sugary coca cola drink from 500ml a day to 250ml then after some time you cut short and provide safe source of sugars such as Drink a lot of water to avoid thirst. Ensure Glenda consumes less salt: especially adding raw salt to the food at the table. Reduce the intake of coca cola and later cut short. Significantly, the End-Stage Renal Disease abbreviated as ESRD is the term used to refer to patients who are responding to the treatment from acute renal failure (Wen et al., 2014). Also, ESRD is commonly known as stage 5 of CKD. What is more is the availability of shared ideas between amongst nurses, patients, and their families: the ideas help in making informed decisions aimed towards treating stage 5 CKD (Locatelli et al., 2013). As such, the table below provides a description to types of treatment for stage 5 CKD. If it is critical it may call for surgery. Also, the period may wait for up to 6 years in case of deceased donor Glenda will be free to work and live a normal life. Moreover, Glenda has increased rate of survival after the transplant is done. Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis(CAPD) Automated Peritoneal Dialysis (APD) During the day four bags are changed by the APD entails the overnight exchange of bags by a machine The treatment ensures Glenda has the freedom to work without disturbance of the urinary tract: due to the PD catheter. The CAPD allows for ample time during one-week training. The APD allows the nurse on duty to rest. Requires no dialysis or transplant. It can be managed at the community level (Wurrumiyanga clinic). Again, the model is supported by palliative care Emphasizes on mediation and balanced diet. Non-dialysis supportive care increases survival chances in elderly patients thus increased life expectancy (Model, 2015). The nurse in charge of Glenda is working extra hard to avoid further complications of the conditions. Therefore, educating Glenda, her daughter Roseen and the community as a whole will ensure the sustainability and ease of combating CKD (Diamantidis and Becker, 2014). Notably, the primary risk factor identified is the danger of reduced cardiac output. The condition is associated with inadequate pumping of the blood to the heart to facilitate metabolic processes. The related risk factors include but are not limited to: first, fluid imbalances resulting in a lapse in the current volume and heart workload (Mills et al., 2015). Second, there is the risk of increased deposits of urea and calcium phosphate blocking the baseline membrane. Thirdly, lapse and alteration in electrolyte balance. The nurse can prescribe medication after observing and assessing the presented physical symptoms. To establish desired outcomes for Glenda the table below shows the nursing intervention and the possible justification. Analyze heart and lung sound to evaluate presence of peripheral edema and cases of dysponea. Diagnosed with flu hence wheezes, edema, and dysponea Assess the degree of hypertension and blood pressure Renal dysfunction causes hypertension. Also, orthostatic hypertension occurs due to imbalances in the intravascular fluids. Assess the presence of chest pains paying attention to the location and degree of pain Lack of potential risk of pericardial effusion associated due to home dialysis. Assess heart sounds, blood pressure, and temperature Narrow pulse pressure, temperature above 37.5 degrees Celsius, and presence of irregular hypotension. Assess and evaluate the physical activity Dormant nature alludes to HF and presence of anemia Need to monitor and assess lab and diagnostic results Potassium, calcium, and magnesium electrolytes When imbalanced they affect the heart functioning by altering the electrical transmission Used in identification of soft-tissue calcification Administering antihypertensive drugs such as Apresoline: a hydralazine Useful in reducing vascular resistance and tension hence reduce myocardial workload. Also, useful in preventing HF. Reduce accumulation of urea. Again, corrects the electrolytes and fluid imbalances. To exclude the pericardial sacs as it may result in cardiac arrest through myocardial contractility. The burden of CKD led to the longer hospitalization of Glenda, and it is important to include multidisciplinary care clinics to improve service delivery (Gatchel et al., 2014). The approach integrates different health professionals and family members to offer long-term support to Glenda as shown below. Assess and evaluate etiology of Glenda’s CKD to determine the care plan (Diamantidis and Becker, 2014) Offer advice on nutritional intake and manage the intravascular fluid Provide education to Glenda regarding effectiveness of modern medication and herbal treatment Substitute Roseen on transporting the mother to hospital Educate Glenda about transplant before the surgery (Davison et al., 2015) Provides education regarding CKD and acute renal failure. Also, coordinates care with Glenda’s family and the locals. Less attention has been paid to monitor the role awareness has to CKD patients. Although early identification proves to be a mechanism to slow the progression of CKD and ESRD, there is a growing need for the establishment of a customer-oriented platform for nurses to exercise to administer patient-center to patients such as Glenda (Papademetriou et al., 2015). Also, encouraging Glenda to attend guiding and counseling sessions in Tiwi Islands will help boost her morale and change her perception of life. And it is known that once the mind is stimulated so does the endorphin hence the body relaxes. The model will allow Glenda get back to her feet and provide for her family. In nursing, providing care, assessing, and management of diseases is a plan that allows nurses to incorporate Levett-Jones cycle of clinical reasoning: a period that allows for an understanding of the patient's past medical history and ethnic background before commencing with data collection and administering medication. As for Glenda the condition grows and gets of hand hence the inclusion of interdisciplinary team approach to offer long-term support emotionally, physically, and medically. To that end, it is possible to discern that CKD cannot be treated, but approaches as integrating family members and the community help to slow its progress. Angeli, P., Rodrà ­guez, E., Piano, S., Ariza, X., Morando, F., Solà  , E., ... & Gerbes, A. (2014). Acute kidney injury and acute-on-chronic liver failure classifications in prognosis assessment of patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Gut, gutjnl-2014. Britt, H., Miller, G. C., Henderson, J., Bayram, C., Valenti, L., Harrison, C., ... & O'Halloran, J. (2013). General Practice Activity in Australia 2012-13: BEACH: Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (No. 33). Sydney University Press. Collins, A. J., Foley, R. N., Gilbertson, D. T., & Chen, S. C. (2015). United States Renal Data System public health surveillance of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Kidney international supplements, 5(1), 2-7. Davison, S. N., Levin, A., Moss, A. H., Jha, V., Brown, E. A., Brennan, F., ... & Morton, R. L. (2015). Executive summary of the KDIGO Controversies Conference on Supportive Care in Chronic Kidney Disease: developing a roadmap to improving quality care. Diamantidis, C. J., & Becker, S. (2014). Health information technology (IT) to improve the care of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). BMC nephrology, 15(1), 7. Fang, Y., Ginsberg, C., Sugatani, T., Monier-Faugere, M. C., Malluche, H., & Hruska, K. A. (2014). Early chronic kidney disease–mineral bone disorder stimulates vascular calcification. Kidney international, 85(1), 142-150. Gatchel, R. J., McGeary, D. D., McGeary, C. A., & Lippe, B. (2014). Interdisciplinary chronic pain management: past, present, and future. American Psychologist, 69(2), 119. Hung, S. C., Kuo, K. L., Peng, C. H., Wu, C. H., Lien, Y. C., Wang, Y. C., & Tarng, D. C. (2014). Volume overload correlates with cardiovascular risk factors in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney international, 85(3), 703-709. January, C. T., Wann, L. S., Alpert, J. S., Calkins, H., Cigarroa, J. E., Cleveland, J. C., ... & Murray, K. T. (2014). 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol, 64(21), 2246-2280. Jha, V., Garcia-Garcia, G., Iseki, K., Li, Z., Naicker, S., Plattner, B., ... & Yang, C. W. (2013). Chronic kidney disease: global dimension and perspectives. The Lancet, 382(9888), 260-272. Levey, A. S., Becker, C., & Inker, L. A. (2015). Glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria for detection and staging of acute and chronic kidney disease in adults: a systematic review. Jama, 313(8), 837-846. Locatelli, F., Bà ¡rà ¡ny, P., Covic, A., De Francisco, A., Del Vecchio, L., Goldsmith, D., ... & Abramovicz, D. (2013). Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines on anaemia management in chronic kidney disease: a European Renal Best Practice position statement. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 28(6), 1346-1359. Mills, K. T., Xu, Y., Zhang, W., Bundy, J. D., Chen, C. S., Kelly, T. N., ... & He, J. (2015). A systematic analysis of worldwide population-based data on the global burden of chronic kidney disease in 2010. Kidney international, 88(5), 950-957. Model, C. C. (2015). Standards of medical care in diabetes—2015 abridged for primary care providers. Diabetes care, 38(1), S1-S94. Papademetriou, V., Lovato, L., Doumas, M., Nylen, E., Mottl, A., Cohen, R. M., ... & Cushman, W. C. (2015). Chronic kidney disease and intensive glycemic control increase cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Kidney international, 87(3), 649-659. Stevens, P. E., & Levin, A. (2013). Evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease: synopsis of the kidney disease: improving global outcomes 2012 clinical practice guideline. Annals of internal medicine, 158(11), 825-830. Tonelli, M., & Wanner, C. (2014). Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Lipid Guideline Development Work Group Members. Lipid management in chronic kidney disease: synopsis of the kidney disease: improving global outcomes 2013 clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med, 160(3), 182. Tong, A., Crowe, S., Chando, S., Cass, A., Chadban, S. J., Chapman, J. R., ... & Johnson, D. W. (2015). Research priorities in CKD: report of a national workshop conducted in Australia. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 66(2), 212-222. Vassalotti, J. A., Centor, R., Turner, B. J., Greer, R. C., Choi, M., Sequist, T. D., & National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative. (2016). Practical approach to detection and management of chronic kidney disease for the primary care clinician. The American journal of medicine, 129(2), 153-162. Wen, C. P., Matsushita, K., Coresh, J., Iseki, K., Islam, M., Katz, R., ... & Astor, B. C. (2014). Relative risks of chronic kidney disease for mortality and end-stage renal disease across races are similar. Kidney international, 86(4), 819-827.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Health care-long term and capstone discussions 2 Essay

Health care-long term and capstone discussions 2 - Essay Example According to Kotter & Heskett (1992), culture change advocates find solutions that regulate everyone’s interactions and behavior. People come up with new ways of responding to others and create a different perception in which they view them. There are various services that the community provides to its people. Community based services are a long term care type which somebody may draw interest and talk about. They are services to help the disabled and senior people in a community. They include; personal care, adult day care, and transportation services among others. Some set of barriers to cultural change success in offering these services are experienced. Communication barrier is one aspect. These are skills involved in conversation. For example, most Hispanic and the Native American patients are often used to indirect communication instead of instruction or direct communication. Offering services to such patients in direct communication thus becomes a problem. A s econd set of barrier is in the care system. These are issues of accessibility, availability and acceptability of services. These services may not be available to the minority group and less accessible due to linguistic, geographic or financial features. Discuss the legal liability in terms of governance in long-term care settings. What agencies have oversight authority? Provide one real life example of a long-term care liability issue that could conflict with a governance function. The requirement by federal law is that facilities for long term care should provide activities and services that maintain the well being of every resident. The federal program in Medicare should be established to achieve such with some written plan that describes how nursing, medical and psychosocial needs shall be met. These are therefore federal regulation which is in the real sense legal. False claims however occur when agencies are set in place to practice

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Leadership - leadership versus followership Essay

Leadership - leadership versus followership - Essay Example Bad Leader believes that employees working under him are basically lazy and the work, assigned to them, is distasteful to them. They assume that people are motivated by money. Leaders with bad leadership traits normally or wrongly assume that there must be very detailed work routines and enforced milestones to ensure that every work gets done. According to Allio, a bad leader apart from failing both professionally as well as personally, would destruct the organizations and regrettably the employees and the shareholders A good leader must be tough enough to win a fight, but not tough enough to kick a man when he is down. They find strategies to increase the owners fund, encourage change in the wrong direction rather than resisting it. Further they influence their subordinate in a negative rather than coerce them into a positive path. The Bad leaders are corrupt, misguided and have disregard for the stakeholders. They bring disrepute to the organization and are painful to the employees. Dean B McFarlin & Paul D Sweeney in their book â€Å"Where EGOS Dare-The Untold Truth about Narcissistic Leaders & how to Survive them† defines Narcissistic Leaders as the ones who are fundamentally, insecure individuals who will crave adoration and will act in a negative way to get adoration, eventually only getting negative adoratio n. They compensate by projecting an inflated sense of self worth & competence to those around them. The next important point raised by Allio in the article is that, most leaders start as visionaries having great ideals to lead the organization into high growth. They exhibit high integrity and they take the right path to retain the idealism for what they had dreamt of in the beginning. However, the environmental and resource constraints influences idealism and they become practical and think of alternative ideas. They start of in a big way but when their plans fail to deliver, they take wrong decisions

Saturday, November 16, 2019

The impact of gambling in America Essay Example for Free

The impact of gambling in America Essay The impact of gambling on the United States carries both positive and negative effects into our society and communities. Gambling is a leisure activity that usually provides excitement and fun for its players. Gambling also brings tremendous amounts of money into the economy and provides employment. American cities such as Las Vegas and Atlantic City thrive off of the gaming industry. Sure, gambling can be fun and exciting, but at what point does that fun activity develop into a pathological problem? I will contend that the harmful side- effects of gambling far outweigh any positive aspects. Pathological gambling can destroy families, careers, and lives. The reason why casinos are so successful is because their customers lose money while playing their games. Gambling is a broad subject in definition and is also known as â€Å"betting†. It is defined as â€Å"any behavior involving risking money or property on the outcome of a game, contest, or other event in which the outcome of that activity depends partially or totally upon chance or ones ability to do something† (wikipedia. org). In reality, someone could bet or gamble on just about anything. For example, I recently stumbled upon an online gambling site (www.bodog. com), which features a section where you can wager on who will win the reality shows on television. Gambling is most prevalent in card games, slot machines, dice games, sports, and horse racing. Gambling and the gaming industry in the United States have come a long way since their early beginnings. According to historical records and archeological evidence, gambling has existed throughout the ages of most civilizations. Anthropologists agree that data collected in the 20th century implies that gambling took place within a large portion of the greatest societies to have ever existed. For example, gambling artifacts have been recovered from ancient China, India, Egypt and Rome dating as far back as 2300 B. C. (GamblingPhd). Gambling has been around for centuries, but until recently, it has been restricted to back rooms, pool halls, hard to reach casinos, and Indian reservations. Geographic barriers, state regulation, and local ordinances effectively restricted the industrys growth (gsu. edu). Perhaps the most important reason why gambling is most prevalent today is because it is convenient. Large market companies, casinos, and the rise of the internet have paved the way for the industry to target potential gamers. I was on my way to Keeneland to watch the horse races this fall when I passed a sign that read â€Å"Drive-through betting†¦.. Gate 2†. While others may not have noticed, I was shocked to see this simple sign. No longer do you have to step out of your car to wager on horse races. This is just one example of the convenient way to gamble money. The unregulated and decentralized nature of the Internet creates the perfect environment for the growth of gambling. Anyone, anytime, anywhere with a computer, a connection, and a credit card is able to gamble online with thousands of websites dedicated solely to gaming (gsu. edu). Online sportsbooks and casinos get around federal laws by locating their company in a foreign nation, but still target the American consumers. Is online gambling legal for Americans? Often times, there is a â€Å"grey area† in the laws governing gaming products and online gambling. Internet gambling laws are also extremely difficult to enforce. The simple answer is there is an explicit law against online betting in only three states – Nevada, California, and Louisiana. Even so, no American citizen has ever been arrested for betting on the internet (about. com). These convenient methods are contributing to the growing popularity of gambling among Americans. Many people gamble socially without ever encountering a psychological problem. Often times they buy a lottery ticket, go to the racetrack, play a game of poker with some friends, or a night of bingo. When the activity is done, they go on to other non-gambling activities. But for some people, gambling becomes a big part of their lives. They are unable to stop, and believe in the â€Å"big win†. The problem gambler believes that the big win will solve all of their financial problems. They are always waiting for it, which causes them to lose more and more money. Rather than changing their gambling habits, they pin all of their hopes on the big win (aadac. com). A problem gambler will also boast about their wins often. Re-living their wins makes them feel more comfortable when they are actually losing. Legalized gambling brings both positive and negative economic effects to our society. It affects American communities in various ways. Gambling is helpful in our economy in two major ways. First, the gambling industry has provided an increase in employment opportunities. The NGIC reported that in 1996, the legalized gambling industry employed more than a half million people that earned more than $15 billion in salaries (gao. gov). Casinos have also created economic development by bringing in money from tourism, and increasing tax revenue and investment for communities. Charitable gambling benefits many needy causes in local communities. Native American tribes have also benefited enormously from legalized gambling. Casinos located on Indian reservations have allowed these tribes to grow financially and work their way into the U. S. economy. The negative economic effect that gambling has on communities is the increase in personal bankruptcy. In communities where casinos were introduced, there is usually a direct increase in personal bankruptcy. For example, in 1998 the bankruptcy rate in Atlantic City, New Jersey per 100,000 people was 1,019 while the rate of the state of New Jersey was only 555 (gao. gov). In 2003, there was a proposal to add casinos into the mix of Kentucky’s gambling options. Dr.John Kindt, a professor of commerce at the University of Illinois said that bringing casinos to Kentucky would be â€Å"bad economics and bad social policy†. â€Å"Studies show that within the 35-mile feeder market around a casino, gamblers will spend 10 percent less on food, 25 percent less on clothing and that 37 percent will dip into their savings to pay for gambling. For every three (video slot) machines, youll be losing two jobs from the feeder market economy, Kindt said. â€Å"This occurs because each machine can be expected to bring in $100,000 per year that will not be used elsewhere in the economy† (kybaptist.org). This is a serious issue that occurs when business owners do not think about how their actions will affect others in the future. Not only does gambling affect the economy of our communities, but it also has social effects. There are many negative consequences of gambling, while there are minimal positive outcomes. Beginning with the positive side, gambling is a recreation, a break from the everyday pressures of life and a relief from stress. People feel good about themselves when they do hit a jackpot or â€Å"win big†. Without gambling, certain sports such as horse racing and boxing would not be nearly as successful. Lastly, casinos do occasionally give back to the community and fund local and national charities. Socially, gambling has a greater affect on communities in a negative way. Three primary problems that occur are an increase in crime, suicides, and family problems. Individuals who suffer from problem or pathological gambling engage in destructive family behavior, such as domestic violence, divorce, and homelessness (gao. gov). Children of these individuals are often prone to suffer from abuse and neglect. In 1998, the NORC (National Opinion Research Center) estimated that the annual average cost to society for a problem gambler for job loss, unemployment and welfare benefits, poor physical and mental health, and gambling disorder treatments were approximately $1,200 dollars (gao. gov). The time that some of these gamblers spend at a casino is detrimental to their marriage, their children, and their job. Pathological gambling has been linked directly to increases in crimes committed. Whether it is robbery or insurance fraud, these types of gamblers are usually desperate for money to fuel their gambling needs. The counselor for the Department of Corrections in Wisconsin, Bill Schaff stated, In the most desperate phase of compulsive gambling, they will do anything to gamble. They start stealing money from their spouses; family . . . theyll get money anyhow, anywhere. Theyll do forgeries, embezzlements and thefts. Its mostly white-collar crime† (family. org). Lastly, the suicide rate among pathological gamblers is higher than for any other addictive disorder (gao. gov). With most businesses, their customers are assets and are catered to and cared for. In order for a business to succeed, they need their customers to return to them and remain loyal. Their customers are, in essence, cultivated. With casinos, their customers are not there for a service. They let the machines and games do the work, especially if they are the only casino in the area. What happens to their customers is not their concern. It is in the casinos benefit for the customers to become addicted. To casinos, they are resources that are strip-mined. There are four stages of gambling a person can go through while becoming a pathological gambler. The first stage is the reason why someone is gambling. They either gamble for the action or for escape. Gambling for the action begins when someone has success and thinks they are good at it. The excitement boosts their self-esteem and they continue in search of more money. Gambling for escape begins when someone is lonely or depressed. It becomes an outlet for them to escape from reality and their problems. The second stage is the gambler’s reaction to losing. Pathological gamblers â€Å"chase† after their losses. They find losing intolerable and focus on getting their money back. â€Å"Chasing† is easily avoided by setting a reasonable limit of money to spend in a day. The third is the desperation phase. In this stage, their losses become significant and their jobs and family come into jeopardy. The obsession with getting out of trouble overtakes the excitement of gambling. Crime and illegal activities occur in order to gain extra money. Serious bouts with depression and suicide attempts take place. They continue to escape from their lives by gambling, but find no relief. The final stage would be the hopeless stage where getting even financially would not be possible. The gambler knows they will lose and no longer cares. There are numerous organizations that focus on gambling behavior modification. They help pathological gamblers acknowledge their problem and overcome irrational thoughts and impulsive behavior. Gamblers Anonymous, Gam-Anon, and NCPG (National Council on Problem Gambling) all contribute to assisting problem gamblers and their families. In rehabilitation, gambling is treated the same as alcoholism, drug abuse, and sex addiction. Gambling is just one of the addictions that provide the users with a temporary, illusional escape from reality. The overall mission of all of these groups is to increase public awareness of pathological gambling, ensure the widespread availability of treatment for problem gamblers and their families, and to encourage research and programs for prevention and education (ncpgambling. org). Gambling addiction often leads to alcoholism and depression. It is important for family physicians to identify and treat this condition as a psychiatric disorder. The personal costs of gambling rarely gain public attention, but one prominent example is that of Pete Rose, who was denied induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame as a result of sports gambling. Rose, a pathological gambler, had bet thousands of dollars on baseball games while he was a player and manager of the Cincinnati Reds. He admitted that he did have some problems in his life, but said he did not bet on baseball. This is a prime example of a pathological gambler who repeatedly lied and ruined his life over gambling. One of the criteria for a gambling disorder is repetitive lying to conceal the extent of one’s involvement in gambling, much the same way an alcoholic, or drug addict tries to conceal their behaviors (about. com). Teen gambling is on the rise across the country, due to a couple of factors. One is the glitzy, celebrity-filled, high-stakes poker games that fill the cable TV channels. The popularity of Texas Hold’em poker was booming this year. The other is the cultural attitude that says gambling is fun, glamorous and possibly the source of vast wealth (about. com). Unfortunately, many parents view games as friendly, social events. They know where their kids are and assume their child wont develop a problem. Last Christmas, you could find poker sets targeting teens in almost every store. The fact is, that the risk of developing a gambling problem is the same for everyone, and possibly higher among teens. Teenagers are unable to make the same financial decisions as adults are, yet gambling companies continue to target the teenage consumers. The consequences of becoming a gambling addict are just as harsh for a teenager as they are for an adult. Once again, the internet and the ease of gambling are contributing to this problem. In an online environment of anonymous identity, the ease with which teenagers and children can access Internet gambling, coupled with their interest in gambling and poker, will only add to this worrisome trend. The sad part about the gambling industry and large market casinos is that they also target the elderly. Their propaganda reaches out and brings in the people who are unable to gamble responsibly. Casinos provide cheap buffets, coupons, drug discounts, and cater to elderly handicaps. They provide shuttles and buses from nursing homes and retirement centers. I have seen first hand how the senior citizens flock to slot machines and casinos. Often times they sit there for hours at a time with walkers, canes, wheelchairs, and even oxygen tanks. I have even heard stories of elderly gambling addicts committing suicide because they were so far in debt. The gambling industry is not a modern day Robin Hood that takes from the rich and gives to the poor. It takes from the elderly and the poor and gives it to the rich†, said Dr. Jimmy Porter, of the Mississippi Baptist Christian Action (kybaptist. org). Many of these people do not have the ability to control their gambling habits and do not realize how much money they are losing. An article in â€Å"The Call†, a Rhode Island newspaper is titled â€Å"A helping hand for seniors addicted to gambling†. It reads, â€Å"Sitting in her own urine, the elderly woman continued to play the game. Observers concluded she had some sort of bladder disorder, but the real problem was actually staring the woman in the face: the slot machine. Her gambling addiction had reached the point where she ignored everything even her own bodily functions simply so she could keep on playing† (The Call). Americans seem to clamor for seats at the blackjack table a lot more often than they do for seats in the ballpark. Now more people gamble at casinos than attend professional baseball games each year (aadac.com). This is a major statement about the changing values of American society. Located in twenty-three states, casinos gross more revenue than all sporting events, movies, plays, and concerts combined (aadac. com). In conclusion, the negative effects of gambling far outweigh the positive outcomes. The continued growth and convenience of the gambling industry raises concerns about a possible increase in the prevalence of problem and pathologic gambling. With the industry on the rise, the only solution to problem gambling will be to gamble responsibly. We need to ensure that all Americans have the information, skills and encouragement to reduce the risk that they develop a gambling problem, with special attention to those at increased risk. We must promote safe gambling practices and encourage people to set a limit. If we do not take action immediately, we are going to see the negative effects of gambling unveil themselves like never before. Pathological gambling is a serious psychological problem, and needs to be addressed just as drugs and alcohol are. Works Cited Baldwin, John. Ungar, Bernard. â€Å"Impact of Gambling. † April 2000.http://www. gao. gov/new. items/gg00078. pdf Bell, R. J. â€Å"Online Sports Gambling: The Law and You. † 10 Nov 2005. About. http://www. sportsgambling. about. com/od/legalfacts/a/betting_laws. htm Eadington, William. â€Å"Current Trends in Gambling. † 15 Sept. 2005. University of Nevada. http://www. unr. edu/gambling/eadington_papers Haynes, Jeff. â€Å"A Helping Hand for Citizens Addicted to Gambling. † 3 June 2003. The Woonsocket Call. http://www. zwire. com/site/news McMurry, Kevin. â€Å"Gambling on the Internet. † December 1999. http://gsulaw. gsu. edu/lawand/papers/fa99/mcmurry_thomas/. â€Å"Problem Gambling: The ABC’s. † 10 November 2005. AADAC. http://www. corp. aadac. com/gambling/the_basics_about_gambling. asp Reeves, Robert. â€Å"Expanded Gambling Bad For Economy. † Kentucky Baptist Convention. http://www. kybaptist. org/kbc/welcome. nsf/pages Reno, Ron. â€Å"Gambling and Crime. † 11 Dec 2003. CitizenLink. http://www. family. org/cforum/fosi/gambling/facts/a0029358. cfm â€Å"The History of Gambling. † 10 November 2005. Gambling Phd. http://www. gamblingphd. com/gambling-history. htm â€Å"The NCPG Mission. † 21 Nov 2005. National Council on Problem Gambling. http://www. ncpgambling. org/.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Platonic Forms :: essays research papers

One Example of a Platonic Form other than what the book suggests is the Form of a book. The idea to write this paper on the Form of book came to me while I was sitting in the library perusing the reference books, trying to decide on an answer to question 2. You could say that the answer was staring me right in the face. I believe that the Form of a book exists but I have to agree with Aristotle's idea that the Form is created when the object is created. I also think that Forms are eternal, but from the moment that they are first thought of and then brought into the physical world. At one point in time someone decided to put information together in the form of words written on pages put between two bindings. Before the first person who thought of and created this "book", I believe one must ask themselves if the Form existed. How could a Form exist if the object didn't yet exist? A Form for a thing such as a book exists once the object is created because it is a new idea. Therefore, everything participates in a Form because everything tangible exists. The idea of a perfect book can exist only in our minds through thought. Since books range in topic and in content , what might be the topic and content of this perfect book? A book contains ideas, characters, etc., so would the Form of a book then contain perfect ideas, characters, etc.? To define what a book is is to define what the Form must be a perfect version(idea) of. My philosophy textbook differs very much from a children's book such as "Where The Wild Things Are", but they both still participate in the Form of a book, being that the Form of a book only dictates the shape and not the content. It is when the thought of a book is represented in the physical world that content and topic come into play. Suppose that I make photocopies of every page out of "Where The Wild Things Are", and staple them together at the corner. We could still call that stapled together group of papers the book "Where The Wild Things Are", yet could we still state that it participates in the Form since it doesn't look like a book? This is where are senses deceive us.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Satiation

Satiation is a term that is often used in everyday life. However, it is also a behavioral principle with psychological foundations. The main goal of this paper is to develop a comprehensive understanding of satiation as a behavioral principle. This will be done through a thorough analysis of two previous investigations utilizing the concept of satiation. The investigations will include two types: one applied and one basic or experimental. The applied investigation that will be utilized and analyzed is a paper completed by Kahng, Iwata, Thompson, & Hanley (2000) on differentiating satiation versus extinction effects for noncontingent reinforcement schedules. The basic investigation that will be utilized is one conducted by Pierce, Epling, & Boer (1986) on satiation and deprivation as related to the interaction between food and wheel running. The mechanism by which satiation was able to act in the two investigations will be identified. The differences and similarities in the role satiation played in both investigations will also be analyzed. Introduction Satiation is a concept that can be applied to a number of different actions. The act of being satiated, for example, can be related to different behaviors such as eating, drinking, and pleasure-seeking. Although it is a single word, the term satiation has wide and varied applications. This is also due to the fact that it is a term encompassing numerous other basic underpinnings. In the everyday use of the word, satiation refers to the act of being satiated. It is similar in meaning to being full and satisfied. Satisfaction in terms of having enough to eat, for example, is satiation in action. In fact, satiation will be conceived by the layman to be an event beyond satisfaction. Satiation is being at the maximum capacity of whatever one is satiated with. There is no more room for more. To the layman, satiation is linked to feelings of contentment and pleasure. Technically, satiation is defined as the point wherein the organism under study stops eating or engaging in the behavior under examination. This halting of action indicates that the activity has been performed long enough for the organism to have achieved the goals set for initiating the activity. This explains why satiation would be linked to layman definitions such as fullness and satisfaction. The purpose of the present paper is to develop a scientific and more precise understanding of satiation. It is hoped that the mechanism of satiation with regards to deprivation in relation to food and wheel running and also to extinction effects under noncontingent reinforcement schedules will be understood. In general, the paper aims to develop a clearer understanding of satiation as a behavioral principle. A comparison of two ways by which satiation operates will be the means establish this understanding. Research Review A review of previous research is the main means of the present paper at achieving its goals. Two different investigations will be analyzed – one applied investigation and one basic investigation. Identifying Satiation versus Extinction Effects Kahng, Iwata, Thompson, & Hanley (2000) investigated the possibility of formulating a method for identifying satiation versus extinction effects under noncontingent reinforcement schedules. The main goal of the study was to understand whether the suppression of a response during noncontingent reinforcement schedules in experiments was caused by extinction or by satiation. Participants and Setting The study involved the participation of 3 individuals with developmental disabilities and who engaged in self injurious behavior and other forms of agression. The participants were two females, ages 43 and 31, and one male, age 25. Communication with the participants was done through gestures such as pointing. All three lived in a state residential facility with developmental disabilities. The study was performed in therapy rooms located at the said residential facility. Response Measurement The independent variables in the study were satiation and extinction which were measured through the experimenter’s assessment and treatment procedures. These included delivery of instructions, prompting, praise upon compliance, and turning away upon non-compliance. Dense reinforcement schedules of the independent variable would imply satiation as it would include more presentations of the reinforcer during a given time period. Thin reinforcement schedules, on the other hand, would indicate extinction. The dependent variable included the target behavior, which was either self injurious behavior (SIB) or aggression, in the participants. These behaviors included skin picking, hand or arm biting, hitting, scratching, pinching, and kicking. The data for SIB was noted on computers and were recorded in terms of number of responses per minute. The effects of the experiment were measured via a multiple baseline across subjects design. This involved the comparison of baseline rates of SIB and aggression with rates of SIB and aggression under noncontingent reinforcement schedules utilized in the experiment. Procedures The procedure of the experiment was divided into two phases. Phase 1 included the functional analysis and Phase 2 included the analysis of responses during and after noncontingent reinforcement. Phase 1 was conducted according to five different assessment conditions: play, tangible, attention, demand, and alone. Of these, tangible, attention, demand, and alone were experimental conditions while play was a control condition. In the tangible condition, the experimenter was present in the room and would deliver food to the participant if SIB or aggression was noted. In the attention condition, the participant had access to leisure materials in the room and the experimenter would ignore the participant except when SIB or aggression was noted to which the experimenter would respond with brief attention and light physical contact. In the demand setup, the experimenter would give instructions on a fixed-time 30-s schedule which would merit praise upon the participants compliance. If SIB or aggression was noted, the experimenter would cease all interaction and would turn away until the next trial. In the alone setup, the participant was simply left alone in a room with access to leisure materials. The play setup was a control setup that involved access to leisure materials. The experimenter was always present and gave noncontingent attention on a fixed-time 30-s schedule. There were no instructions given to the participant and SIB or aggression was ignored. For Phase 2, the same reinforcements present in Phase 1 were used. For the baseline experimental sessions lasted 10 minutes each with reinforcers delivered on a continuous schedule.. For noncontingent reinforcement sessions, fixed-time schedules were applied and SIB or aggression was ignored. Schedule thinning and terminal schedules for each participant was utilized. Extinction sessions or post-noncontingent reinforcement sessions lasted 20 minutes after every noncontingent reinforcement session; conditions were similar to that at baseline except that no reinforcers were delivered. Results The results of Phase 1 of the study showed that all three participants engagement in SIB and aggression were due to social-positive reinforcement. The male participant’s problem behavior occurred most frequently during the tangible setup while the two female participants’ problem behavior occurred most frequently during the attention setup. For Phase 2, it was seen that noncontingent reinforcement sessions automatic declines in the rate of problem behavior of the participants. The investigation showed that the mechanism, whether satiation or extinction, of noncontingent reinforcements may be different across individuals and that these may also change during the period of the treatment. This was evidenced by the different reactions of the three participants to thick and thin fixed-time schedules where the male exhibited satiation during thin noncontingent reinforcement schedules and one of the female participants exhibited extinction during the dense noncontingent reinforcement schedules. Contributions One of the main contributions of the study is in the finding that thin noncontingent reinforcement schedules could produce satiation. This was an unexpected finding and was inconsistent with previous investigations that showed thick noncontingent reinforcement schedules to be the ones that produce satiation effects. The understanding that reaction to noncontingent reinforcements may be idiosyncratic across individuals implies that the mechanisms behind reactions to noncontingent reinforecements can be arrived at through observations similar to that conducted for the study. This will have numerous applications in the medical field. If dense schedules of noncontingent reinforcement schedules can produce satiation effects, as stated by the results of the study, there might no longer be any need for extinction sessions to take place. Also, if extinction plays a greater role than satiation in behavior suppression during noncontingent reinforcement, individuals applying the treatment should be made aware that there is a possibility of an increase in responses to occur temporarily during the transition. The findings and methodology of the study can also be extended to include other behavior-reduction techniques and not just noncontingent reinforcement. Limitations The study had several limitations. Pinpointing the true mechanism behind behavior suppression was indirect because the schedules used contained an extinction component. The analysis of the findings were also dependent on expected response patterns caused by satiation versus extinction, which could be caused by other factors. Also, the intervals for the extinction sessions were chosen arbitrarily and were not based on empirical data. Longer and shorter intervals might have led to different results. Also, the differences in the results of all three participants caused a limitation in the conclusions that could be drawn regarding satiation, extinction, behavior suppression, and noncontingent reinforcement. Deprivation and Satiation Pierce, Epling, and Boer (1986) also conducted an investigation to better understand the effects of satiation and deprivation on behavior. The main goal of the study was to assess the reinforcement power of food for wheel running when rats were deprived and also for when rats were satiated. The entire study was thus divided into two experiments: Expirement 1 which involved deprivation and Experiment 2 which involved satiation. Participants and Setting The subjects for Experiment 1 were 5 female and 4 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Upon the initiation of the experiment, the rats were all 50 days old. For Experiment 2, 4 male Sprague-Dawley rats, all of which were 45 days old were used. The dietary needs of the rats, nutrition and water, were always kept available in the cages where the rats were placed when they weren’t in the experimentation set-up. The rats cages which were kept under continuous light and temperature conditions. The room in which the cages were located was always at approximately 20 degrees Celsius. Experiment 1 took place in a room with a running wheel (Wahmann Co. ) with a solenoid-operated brake. The equipment used by the experimenters for programming and recording the rats activities on the wheel were placed in a separate room. Expeiment 2 employed 2 running wheels (Wahmann Co. ), one that freely turned and one that was locked. Another modified activity wheel was used. This turned when a motorized metal shaft was rotated. The experiment took place in an operant-conditioning chamber with a pellet feeder, houselight and response lever. This was placed in an enclosure with a fan that provided masking noise. Control and recording apparatus were again placed in a separate room. Response Measurement The independent variables in the study were deprivation (Experiment 1) and satiation (Experiment 2). Deprivation was measured by the decrease in the rats’ body weight. Satiation, on the other hand, was measured by a decrease in frequency of the rat’s wheel running behavior. The dependent variable for Experiment 1 was the reinforcement effectiveness of wheel running for the rats. The dependent variable was measured by the highest ratio to be completed and the total number of lever presses. In Experiment 2, the dependent variable was the reinforcement effectiveness of food. The total number of presses the rats made on the food-reinforced lever measured the dependent variable. Procedures For Experiment 1, a progressive-ratio schedule was utilized to determine the potency of wheel turning as a reinforcer when the rats were either deprived or not deprived of food. A fixed number of lever presses released the solenoid-brake on the running wheel for 60-s. The fixed number of lever presses required for the release of the wheel was increased systematically until the rat stopped pressing the lever after a period of 1 hour had elapsed or until 8 hours had elapsed. For Experiment 2, three procedures were employed: progressive ratio, variable interval, and forced running. Prior to implementing the progressive ratio and the variable interval procedures, rats were placed for 19 hours in a running wheel with access to water. The experimental setup had wheels that turned while the control setup had wheels that were locked. They were also deprived of food for 20 hours. For the progressive ratio, the rats were then placed in an operant chamber where 45-mg food pellets would be released after a fixed number of level presses had been done. The required number of lever presses increased incrementally after each pellet release until 8 hours had elapsed or until the rat had stopped responding for a 1 hour duration. For the variable interval, continued lever pressing produced food pellets based ona variable interval 30-s schedule. After 60 food pellets had been dispensed, the session would be stopped. When an interreinforcement schedule went beyond 1 hour, the session was also terminated. For the forced running procedure, a motorized wheel was used to force running. The run was equivalent to 750 wheel turns and was based on the turns generated by the rats from the previous procedures. Throughout the day of forced running, the rat was deprived of food. This meant that this rat underwent 44 hours of food deprivation as opposed to the 20 hours of deprivation experienced by the other rats for Experiment 2. After the total number of turns for the forced run was completed, the rat was tested on a variable interval 30-s food reinforcement schedule through a procedure similar to the variable interval procedure. Results In Experiment 1, seven of the 9 rats were recorded to spend less time in the experimental setup when they were at 100% of their body weight as opposed to when they were at 75% of their body weight. Higher ratios of lever pressing were also sustained when the rats were food deprived. The rats responses increased as deprivation became more severe. However, at the most severe deprivation levels, responses decreased. This suggested an inverted-U function between deprivation and reinforcement effectiveness of wheel running. In Experiment 2, fewer lever presses were made during the progressive ratio schedule. The number of food-reinforced lever presses and the accomplished ratios were smaller when the rats had been allowed to run on the wheel as opposed to when they were not. Responding also occurred less frequently during the variable interval schedule. Rats that been placed in the locked wheels showed equivalent responses to those that had simply been placed in the home cage. This showed that food reinforcement was not affected by mere placement in a wheel. Those that had been placed in the open wheel, however, showed a significant decrease in lever pressing upon introduction of the variable interval 30-s schedule of reinforcement. The rat placed in the forced running procedure was shown to have almost twice the number of lever presses as the other rats. This may have been due to the fact that it was subject to 44 hours of food deprivation while the other rats were only placed under 20 hours of food deprivation. Lever pressing for the forced running procedure was reduced from 39. 6 responses per minute to 3. 6 responses per minute. This is a significant decrease in local response rate. Contributions The contributions of the investigation is in its finding that food deprivation increases reinforcement effectiveness of wheel running and that satiation decreases the reinforcement effectiveness of food. A major contribution of the findings is in the fact that forced running more effectively decreases the effectiveness of food reinforcement. The study was the first to attain scientific measurements and numerical values to back up these claims regarding the operation of deprivation and satiation. Further research regarding the effects of deprivation and satiation on reinforcing properties of certain activities and substances will be encouraged by the success of the findings of the Pierce et al. (1986) study. The limitations of the study include the possibility of warm up effects in the rats. The differences between closed and open wheel setups were also exaggerated with the progress of the sessions because of the long intervals that began to crop up in between responses. Comparison between sessions and procedures was then made more difficult. Also the rats used for the experiment were sedentary and this might have caused their responses to be exaggerated. In a population that had free access to wheel running, the same treatment might not have the same effects. It is clear that satiation played an important role in both the basic investigation as well as the applied investigation. In both investigations, satiation was studied in contrast to another behavioral principle; extinction for the applied investigation and deprivation for the basic investigation. One distinct difference between the two investigations is in the fact that in the applied research, satiation was expected to lead to an increase in the desired behavior or response. In the basic research, however, satiation was expected to lead to a decrease in the desired response. This difference shows the dynamic nature of satiation in the behavioral processes of an organism. In the basic research, satiation was able to show that two behavioral principles can have effects on one event while successfully altering reinforcement effectiveness of another event. In the case of the experiment deprivation-satiation operations with respect to wheel running altered the reinforcing properties of food. Deprivation-satiation operations also altered the reinforcement effectiveness of wheel running with regard to food. That is that satiation is able to work with another behavioral principle reciprocally. In the applied research, the mechanism of satiation was similar to that of extinction. It was a question of which principle could more effectively bring about the desired response and behavior. It is clear, then, that satiation or the organism’s tendency to feel full or to have enough of a given activity or substance has multi-faceted qualities. Achievement of satiation can result in a decrease in certain behavior and an increase in others. Also, it may interact with other behavioral principles reciprocally or take the same mechanism of others.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Why Germany Lost the First World War

Why Germany lost the First World War The First World War ended with the triple entente as victorious (with help from the Americans). Some reasons to why the allies won the war were because of; Germany had to fight a war on two fronts, the unstable political situation in Germany, the allied naval blockade, German economy, failure of the schlieffen plan, interception of the Zimmerman telegram, the German naval blockade on Britain (sinking of American ships), development of the tank and anti-submarine weapons, the advancement of new technology that required new tactics. The Naval blockade The British blockade was a key factor in the defeat of Germany. Starved of supplies, the German army was weakened and the German people lost some of their will to support the war. The war at sea was one of the main factors that contributed to Germany’s defeat. To help the British navy survive against the German submarines the British used several different techniques to stop their boats from being destroyed. The British used mines and depth charges. Also to reduce the allied shipping losses all merchant ships travelled with a military convoy which provided protection to the merchant ships. When the convoy formation was applied the allied shipping losses decreased by 20%. Another technique used was Q ships. Q ships were merchant ships with disguised heavy guns. Q ships were the reason that German submarines stopped warning the enemy ship that it was about to attack. The effect of the British blockade of Germany was that there were 300,000 deaths that were related to malnutrition and starvation during 1914-1918 among civilians. The blockade also cut supply chain of nitrate that was used to make explosives and also used in fertilizers. Weaponry The tank was a British invention. It was first used at the battle of the Somme. The tanks advanced in front of the infantry, crushing barbed wire fences and spraying the enemy with machine-gun fire. Yet the tank was very unreliable since half of them broke down before reaching the German trenches, also the tanks were not very agile they moved at first only at a walking pace and the tanks were not very maneuverable. Also the Germans used poison gas (first used in Spain) to fight the enemy this weapon was very effective in the war, yet this weapon was unreliable due to its dependence on the direction of the wind. Since if there was a sudden change of direction in the wind the poison that was just released could be swept back against the Germans. Due to the circumstances of the war as it changed from a quick and rapid war to a static war with the use of trench warfare and competition of modern weaponry. Failure of the Schlieffen plan The German plan was to sweep towards France thinking that Russia would be very slow in mobilizing its troops. The plan was to sweep in through Belgium (Germany thought that there was not going to meet any resistance from Belgium and also not it did not think that it would be violating the treaty of London), then sweep in towards Paris and invade France. After France had been invaded they would direct their forces towards Russia whom they thought would be very slow mobilizing its troops. The Germans were wrong about the Belgians, the Russians and the English. The Belgians put up great resistance there by slowing the advance of the German troops. The Russian army was a lot quicker to mobilize than expected so now Germany was ending up doing what they wanted to do the least fight a war on two fronts. The Belgians slowed down the German troops long enough for the entente troops to arrive to meet the German troops. Due to the equality in strength this led to a race to water in effort to bypass the other army. This led to trench warfare. The Germans were not prepared to do this type of war, they did not have the resources to do this due to the british naval blockade. Concerning the Schleiffen plan there were a few severe miscalculations that led to gargantuan problems, the Germans had miscalculated the amount of soldiers, supplies and communication that required to be transported across the country from east to west and back. This miscalculation was not expected due to Germany thinking that Russia would be slow to mobilize and thereby give Germany time to first beat the French then later turn all their forces towards the east to face Russia. Weak Allies Germany had chosen her allies badly, they had allied themselves to the decaying Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire and Italy. Germany had chosen badly when relying on Italy to help out in the war since as soon as war was declared Italy pulled out of the alliance. Also Germany had to constantly assist the Austrian Empire in protecting their own territory. This led to problems as this exhausted troops that would and should have been sent to fight the war in the trenches. Germany also sent supplies that should have been sent to the soldiers fighting on the front line. If Germany had stronger and more reliable allies then the outcome of the war would have been different. Political Unrest As the war went on and millions died Germany’s censored propaganda released only tales of glorious combat and victory. As this propaganda continued the nation was starting to suffer from the naval blockade. As thousands were dying the nation was releasing posters saying how well the war was going. The false propaganda started unrest inside the German nation, the unrest came from both outside the government yet also from inside. The socialists wanted to seize the power and take control of the nation, whilst this was happening inside the country soldiers were starting some unrest as arguments and some minor protests came up, these protests led to mutiny on the seas. The involvement of USA The Germans also tried to make a naval blockade of their own on Britain. They also included a policy of â€Å"unrestricted submarine warfare against all ships that they suspected were carrying supplies to britain†. This was very effective since the British were suffering from the shortages of supplies. Yet the germans also sank a great amount of American ships which helped bring the Americans into the war. When the Americans discovered the Zimmerman telegram about how Germany hoped to ally itself with mexico against them the final song had been sung. USA declared war on Germany on April 1st 1917. The war devastated Europe, it changed the geography of countries for a very long time, it destroyed empire such as; the Austrian Empire, The Russian Empire, the German Empire and later the Ottoman Empire.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Free Essays on Jackson Rea

The time between 1820 and 1830 was known as the Jacksonian Era. Jackson would have won the election in 1824, as he did have more votes, but Adams won due to a â€Å"corrupt bargain†. When Jackson was finally elected in 1828, he and his supporters claimed to represent the common man. Jackson served during a time when the North and South were bound to be engaged in internecine conflict. During the first half of the 19th century industrialism was growing rapidly with inventions such as the cotton gin, and the steamboat. Despite this prosperity, a split was becoming more apparent between the urban industrializing North, and the agricultural-dependent, rural South. During his terms, Jackson emphasized democracy, and increased suffrage tremendously. The Jacksonian Democrats accurately perceived themselves as the guardians of the Constitution, political democracy, individual liberty, and equal economic opportunity. The Jacksonian Era introduced new policies toward American participation in government. When Jackson was elected into office, he set a strong foundation for democratic rule. Before Jackson’s term, relatively few Americans were permitted to vote. The right to vote was restrained to white property-owning males and taxpayers. Andrew Jackson immensely increased suffrage by eliminating the restrictions, and permitting every white male to vote. Jackson and his followers also represented the common workingman, who initially believed it is this new democratic government’s right to â€Å"use every constitutional means to reform the abuses†¦and to prove new guards for their future security†. (Doc A) Even to a foreigner, the spread of democracy was evident. Harriet Martineau had witnessed controversies between officials on which the people were judging. (Doc D) The Jacksonian Era definitely marked an opening for American participation in government.... Free Essays on Jackson Rea Free Essays on Jackson Rea The time between 1820 and 1830 was known as the Jacksonian Era. Jackson would have won the election in 1824, as he did have more votes, but Adams won due to a â€Å"corrupt bargain†. When Jackson was finally elected in 1828, he and his supporters claimed to represent the common man. Jackson served during a time when the North and South were bound to be engaged in internecine conflict. During the first half of the 19th century industrialism was growing rapidly with inventions such as the cotton gin, and the steamboat. Despite this prosperity, a split was becoming more apparent between the urban industrializing North, and the agricultural-dependent, rural South. During his terms, Jackson emphasized democracy, and increased suffrage tremendously. The Jacksonian Democrats accurately perceived themselves as the guardians of the Constitution, political democracy, individual liberty, and equal economic opportunity. The Jacksonian Era introduced new policies toward American participation in government. When Jackson was elected into office, he set a strong foundation for democratic rule. Before Jackson’s term, relatively few Americans were permitted to vote. The right to vote was restrained to white property-owning males and taxpayers. Andrew Jackson immensely increased suffrage by eliminating the restrictions, and permitting every white male to vote. Jackson and his followers also represented the common workingman, who initially believed it is this new democratic government’s right to â€Å"use every constitutional means to reform the abuses†¦and to prove new guards for their future security†. (Doc A) Even to a foreigner, the spread of democracy was evident. Harriet Martineau had witnessed controversies between officials on which the people were judging. (Doc D) The Jacksonian Era definitely marked an opening for American participation in government....