Setting Paper Size in a LaTeX Document

Setting Paper Size in a LaTeX Document Setting Paper Size in a LaTeX Document When creating a LaTeX document, you need to set a document class. Each class in LaTeX, such as â€Å"article† or â€Å"report,† has a default setting for its paper size. And if you need to change this, you will need to use the document class options. Let’s take a look at how this works. Setting Document Class Options First, let’s look at how to set document class options in LaTeX. To begin with, you need to set the document class with the following tag: By itself, this will create a document using the default settings for that class. To adjust these settings, you will need extra markup in square brackets: Your choices here will then be applied to the whole document. As shown above, you can also change multiple document elements by adding a comma between each option. And one thing you can change here is the paper size. Setting the Paper Size in LaTeX Depending on the distribution you’re using, the default paper size for most LaTeX templates will be either letter paper (US) or A4 (Europe). This should be fine in most cases, but you can also specify a paper size when you set the document class. For example, to use A5-size pages, we would write: All versions of LaTeX offer several options here as standard: A4 paper [a4paper] A5 paper [a5paper] B5 paper [b5paper] Letter paper [letterpaper] Executive paper [executivepaper] Legal paper [legalpaper] To use any of these paper sizes, simply add the required markup (as shown in square brackets) when you set the document class. These settings should cover most situations. But if you need more control over page size, you can download the LaTeX geometry package. Other Paper Sizes and the Geometry Package The geometry package offers a range of extra ways to customize your global page options in LaTeX, including other paper sizes. To use these, you will need a new line of markup after the \documentclass line: Here, for instance, the second line tells the geometry package to set the paper size to A1. You can do this for most standard paper sizes, including A, B and C series paper sizes (e.g., A1, B4, C5); and ANSI paper sizes. So no matter what kind of document you’re creating, you should find a setting in the geometry package that will meet your needs.

Aftermath and Effects of the Hundred Years War

Aftermath and Effects of the Hundred Years War The Hundred Years War Between England and France lasted for more than a hundred years (1337–1453) of off and on conflict  before England appeared to have been defeated. Any conflict lasting this long would cause changes, and the aftermath of the wars affected both nations. The Uncertain End While we now recognize that a distinctive phase of Anglo-French conflict ended in 1453, there was no peace settlement in the Hundred Years War, and the French remained prepared for the English to return for some time. For their part, the English crown didn’t give up its claim on the French throne. Englands continued invasions werent so much an effort at recovering their lost territory, but because Henry VI had gone mad, and competing noble factions couldnt agree on past and future policy. This contributed greatly to England’s own struggle for power, known as the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York for control of Henry VI during his mental illness. The conflict was partly fought by battle-hardened veterans of the Hundred Years War. The Wars of the Roses tore at the elites of Britain  and killed many others as well. A watershed had been reached, however, and the French south was now permanently out of English hands. Calais remained under English control until 1558, and the claim on the French throne was only dropped in 1801.​ Effects on England and France France had been severely damaged during the fighting. This was partly caused by official armies conducting bloody raids designed to undermine the opposition ruler by killing civilians, burning buildings, and crops and stealing whatever riches they could find. It was also frequently caused by ‘routiers,’ brigands- frequently soldiers - serving no lord and just pillaging to survive and get richer. Areas became depleted, populations fled or were massacred, the economy was damaged and disrupted, and ever greater expenditure was sucked into the army, raising taxes. Historian Guy Blois called the effects of the 1430s and 1440s a ‘Hiroshima in Normandy. Of course, some people benefitted from the extra military expenditure. On the other hand, while tax in pre-war France had been occasional, in the post-war era it was regular and established. This extension of government was able to fund a standing army- which was built around the new technology of gunpowder- increasing both royal power and revenue, and the size of the armed forces they could field. France had begun the journey to an absolutist monarchy which would characterize  later centuries. In addition, the damaged economy soon began to recover. England, in contrast, had begun the war with more organized tax structures than France, and much greater accountability to a parliament, but royal revenues fell greatly over the war, including the substantial losses incurred by losing wealthy French regions such as Normandy and Aquitaine. For a while, however, some Englishmen got very rich from the plunder taken from France, building houses and churches back in England. The Sense of Identity Perhaps the most lasting impact of the war, especially in England, was the emergence of a much greater sense of patriotism and national identity. This was in part due to publicity spread to gather taxes for the fighting, and partly due to generations of people, both English and French, knowing no situation other than war in France. The French crown benefited from triumphing, not just over England, but over other dissident French nobles, binding France closer as a single body.